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Figure 4.; Step approach to empiric antibiotic therapy.
Daniel E. Becker
<bold>Figure 4</bold> .
Figure 4 .

Step approach to empiric antibiotic therapy.

Antimicrobial Drugs
Daniel E. BeckerDDS
Article Category: Other
Volume/Issue: Volume 60: Issue 3
Online Publication Date: Jan 01, 2013
DOI: 10.2344/0003-3006-60.3.111
Page Range: 111 – 123

An astounding number of drug classes and formulations are available to manage infections. Fortunately, the microorganisms associated with odontogenic and periodontal infections are well characterized and a relatively small number of antimicrobial agents are required to effectively manage dental infections. With the exception of allergy, adverse effects attributed to these antibiotics are surprisingly infrequent, but most agents are implicated in producing nausea, dyspepsia, and diarrhea. This article will review essential pharmacology of

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Figure 1.; Skin Involvement and Anaphylaxis (a) Skin findings developed after the oral administration of antibiotics and analgesics following the extraction of a third molar. (b) Skin findings on the face and ears immediately developed after the induction of general anesthesia. Lower left figure: At the onset of anaphylactic shock. Lower right figure: After treatment of anaphylactic shock.
Takashi Goto
Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Skin Involvement and Anaphylaxis

(a) Skin findings developed after the oral administration of antibiotics and analgesics following the extraction of a third molar. (b) Skin findings on the face and ears immediately developed after the induction of general anesthesia. Lower left figure: At the onset of anaphylactic shock. Lower right figure: After treatment of anaphylactic shock.

Figure 5.; Molecular structures and allergenicity. Immunogenicity is attributable to medications having a phenyl ring with a para-amine substitution. This is found in sulfonamide antibiotics and compounds containing para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) such as certain sunscreens and cosmetics. It is also found in methylparaben preservatives and ester local anesthetics such as procaine. Ester linkages (procaine) or side chains (articaine) are not immunogenic, nor is the sulfur atom of a thiophene ring (articaine). * indicates immunogenic moiety.
Daniel E Becker and
Kenneth L Reed
Figure 5.
Figure 5.

Molecular structures and allergenicity. Immunogenicity is attributable to medications having a phenyl ring with a para-amine substitution. This is found in sulfonamide antibiotics and compounds containing para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) such as certain sunscreens and cosmetics. It is also found in methylparaben preservatives and ester local anesthetics such as procaine. Ester linkages (procaine) or side chains (articaine) are not immunogenic, nor is the sulfur atom of a thiophene ring (articaine). * indicates immunogenic moiety.

Figure 1.; Beta lactam structure. Penicillins and cephalosporins contain a beta lactam ring (asterisk) that conveys their antimicrobial action and is the target for microbial resistance.
Daniel E. Becker
<bold>Figure 1</bold> .
Figure 1 .

Beta lactam structure. Penicillins and cephalosporins contain a beta lactam ring (asterisk) that conveys their antimicrobial action and is the target for microbial resistance.

Figure 2.; Managing penicillin-allergic patients.6
Daniel E. Becker
<bold>Figure 2</bold> .
Figure 2 .

Managing penicillin-allergic patients. 6

Figure 3.; Clavulanic acid. The molecular structure of clavulanic acid resembles that of penicillin enough to compete for beta lactamases that are secreted by resistant microorganisms. This limits the amount of enzyme available to inactivate the penicillin.
Daniel E. Becker
<bold>Figure 3</bold> .
Figure 3 .

Clavulanic acid. The molecular structure of clavulanic acid resembles that of penicillin enough to compete for beta lactamases that are secreted by resistant microorganisms. This limits the amount of enzyme available to inactivate the penicillin.

Benzodiazepine Allergy With Anesthesia Administration: A Review of Current Literature
Elliot HaybargerDMD,
Andrew S. YoungDDS, and
Joseph A. Giovannitti JrDMD
Article Category: Research Article
Volume/Issue: Volume 63: Issue 3
Online Publication Date: Jan 01, 2016
DOI: 10.2344/16-00019.1
Page Range: 160 – 167

for confirmation. 8 Previously midazolam has been linked to effects such as respiratory depression, laryngospasm, urticaria, and cardiac dysrhythmia; however, identification of midazolam's primary metabolite, 1-hydroxymidazolam, suggests an alternative mechanism of allergy. 9 In 1994, Fujita et al 10 reported a case in which a 38-year-old male with medical history significant for positive reaction to antibiotics was seen for C4-C5 fusion. 10 Upon administration of midazolam 10 mg, the patient presented with severe hypotension (57 mmHg systolic) and

Dental Treatment Under General Anesthesia With Nasal Intubation in a Patient With Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency
Yuho SakumaDDS,
Mika OgawaDDS, PhD,
Chie NakagawaDDS,
Kodai MomotaDDS,
Emi KajiDDS,
Kingo MatsumuraDDS,
Saori MorinagaDDS, PhD,
Kentaro NogamiDDS, PhD, and
Mizuko IkedaMD, PhD
Article Category: Research Article
Volume/Issue: Volume 70: Issue 3
Online Publication Date: Oct 18, 2023
DOI: 10.2344/anpr-70-02-13
Page Range: 140 – 141

disinfected with chlorhexidine before intubation and extubation. The following antibiotics were also administered: amoxicillin 900 mg 2 hours before surgery, ampicillin 700 mg immediately before surgery, and amoxicillin 200 mg 3 times a day for 4 days following surgery. The patient's perioperative course was uneventful, and she was discharged 1 day after treatment. No signs or symptoms of infection were observed during hospitalization or throughout the 1-week postdischarge period ( Table ). Table. Perioperative WBC, CRP, and

Retropharyngeal Dissection by Parker Flex-Tip Nasal Endotracheal Tube
Makoto TerumitsuDDS, PhD,
Mikiko HiraharaDDS, and
Kenji SeoDDS, PhD
Article Category: Case Report
Volume/Issue: Volume 64: Issue 4
Online Publication Date: Jan 01, 2017
DOI: 10.2344/anpr-64-03-05
Page Range: 240 – 243

administration of an antibiotic and 100 mg of hydrocortisone sodium succinate. We also monitored her ventilation because of concern regarding the development of airway obstruction by edema or hematoma formation. We decided to cancel the planned dental treatments and conduct perioperative care in our hospital for several days. Figure 2.  The retropharyngeal mucosa after oral intubation. The arrowhead indicates the region in which the tube intruded. Figure 2. . The retropharyngeal mucosa after oral