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Moderate oral sedation is utilized by pediatric dentists to provide dental care for children who are unable to cooperate during in-office dental procedures. 1 Studies have evaluated the intraoperative safety and effectiveness of sedation medications commonly used in pediatric dentistry by investigating patient parameters such as oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and patient behavior during the course of the sedation. 2 – 7 However, little is known about the effects of sedation medications used in pediatric dentistry

Pain is defined as an unpleasant “subjective experience that is the product of both emotional and sensory components interrelated with the context of culture and environment.” 1 It is a concrete experience and an abstract concept. 2 Pain results from actual or potential tissue damage, but the perception of pain is modified by physiological mechanisms in the complex human nervous system. Current clinical practices show that health care providers and parents tend to underestimate children's pain when compared with children's self

Behavior management strategies for pediatric dental patients have evolved greatly over the past 2 decades, with adverse techniques such as hand-over-mouth exercise and hand-over-mouth with airway restriction having lost considerable popularity. 1 In light of this trend, conscious sedation is a vital dimension of pediatric dentistry for those children who fail to cooperate for treatment in a conventional setting. Surveys of pediatric dentists in the mid to late 1980s found that 70 to 76% of respondents used conscious sedation. 2 3 A recent

Local anesthetic injection is the most anxiety-provoking factor for children in dentistry, 1 as it is allied with pain and extreme discomfort. 2 Pain is highly complex and multidimensional, the control of which is crucial to instill a positive dental attitude in children. 3 Various techniques of reducing injection pain in children can be broadly categorized as psychological and physical. The psychological approach includes behavior management techniques such as distraction 4 and hypnosis. 5 Physical means include various strategies such

General anesthesia (GA) or deep sedation is often required to complete necessary dental radiographs and/or treatment in young, uncooperative children. Treatment can be completed in either the hospital, ambulatory surgery center, or office setting. Despite the low incidence of adverse outcomes from GA, deep sedation, or moderate sedation in the dental office setting, treatment can be safely and efficiently completed with well-trained providers following established protocols and guidelines. The maximum dental surgical working time for

Dental care–related fear and anxiety (ie, dental fear) 1 prevent regular dental checkups, which can result in poor oral health and a decreased quality of life. 2 – 6 Many adults with dental fear recall a traumatic experience during their childhood as the origin of their dental fear. 7 , 8 Dentists caring for children play an important role in preventing traumatic dental experiences 9 and should assess dental fear levels before treatment begins. A dental fear questionnaire for children, the Children's Fear Survey Schedule

Dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia is commonly performed in young children because children may be unable to cooperate in a dental clinic setting or because they may require a significant amount of dental work. 1 The use of general anesthesia for dental rehabilitation of children, when indicated, is an accepted behavior management technique according to the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). 1 Although benefits of general anesthesia for dentistry include safe and efficient delivery of dental care, the procedure is

relates to modesty issues associated with administering the drug rectally to older children. Intramuscular sedation is popular due to its ease of administration, rapid onset of action, better absorption, and greater predictability of the length of the latent period and duration of action. According to Malamed, 9 intramuscular midazolam is an effective preoperative sedative in children and patients with disabilities. However, one disadvantage of this route relates to the fear of injections, which can be associated with pain. Intranasal administration of

Dental caries is the most common chronic disease of childhood, and it frequently necessitates extensive restorative dental treatment. 1 Prefabricated crowns are the treatment of choice for children with rampant caries involving large or multiple surface lesions or developmental defects. 2 Although there are many full-coverage crown options for restoring primary dentition, prefabricated zirconium dioxide (zirconia) products are popular because of their high strength, positive gingival response, and excellent esthetics. 3 – 6 Teeth

this case, the ventilatory condition was remained stable. Nasotracheal intubation is one of several techniques of airway management in patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery. 5 Securing the endotracheal tube for children at an appropriate depth of placement is a major concern due to young children's short trachea. 6 In clinical practice, we frequently utilize a fiberscope to confirm proper positioning of the endotracheal tube tip after intubation which, in this case, lead to the incidental finding of tracheal bronchus. Tracheal bronchus