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affect postoperative outcomes. 1 This article reviews the physiology of body-water distribution and fluid dynamics at the vascular endothelium, evaluation of volume status, calculation of fluid requirements, and the clinical rationale for the use of various crystalloid and colloid solutions. BODY-WATER DISTRIBUTION Total body water is distributed in various compartments. The total volume of water in the body is 60% of lean body mass in males and 55% in females with a distribution of two thirds intracellularly and one third extracellularly

arrest, 162 Central sensitization, 135 Children, 140 Chloral hydrate, 91 Clonidine, 31 Colloids, 169 Conscious sedation, 91 Crystalloids, 168 Day case, 8 Dental, 46 Dental anesthesia, 14, 110 Dental injury, 20 Dental treatment, 91 Dentistry, 25, 168 Dexmedetomidine, 31 Diazepam, 91 Difficult intubation, 20 Emergency rescue, 74 End-tidal carbon dioxide, 51 Endobronchial intubation, 66 Endotracheal tube, 166

. General anesthesia was induced with either midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) or propofol (1–2 mg/kg) in addition to atropine (0.05 μg/kg) and fentanyl (2 μg/kg). Intubation was facilitated with rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in air and oxygen (fraction of inspired oxygen: 0.4) titrated to a bispectral index value between 40 and 60. Continuous administration of remifentanil and/or intermittently administered fentanyl was provided for additional analgesia. Patients were administered crystalloid loading at 10 mL/kg/h from induction of anesthesia

were confirmed. The total crystalloid infusion volume was 550 mL, and blood loss was minimal. The duration of surgery was 1 hour and 43 minutes, and the anesthesia time was 3 hours and 6 minutes. After surgery, there were no marked irregularities in breathing, circulation, or body temperature. A blood test showed no appreciable abnormalities such as exacerbation of acidosis, and the patient was discharged from our dental hospital 7 days after the operation. The patient's condition was stable after leaving the hospital. DISCUSSION

? Anesthesiology . 2020 ; 132 : 609 – 611 . 3.  Wanderer J, Rathmell J . The great fluid debate: normal saline versus balanced crystalloid . Anesthesiology . 2020 ; 132 : A19 .

pressure <80 mm Hg) was treated using IV ephedrine (6 boluses of 4 mg). Maximal systolic blood pressure was 137 mm Hg during anesthesia. Intravenous flurbiprofen axetil (50 mg), an injectable prodrug of flurbiprofen, was administered for postanesthetic analgesia. Rocuronium was reversed by a bolus injection of sugammadex (100 mg) at the end of surgery. Extubation of the trachea was performed smoothly. Blood loss during surgery was 150 mL. Anesthesia lasted almost 3.5 hours. The patient received 1250 mL of crystalloid infusion during anesthesia. Because the surgery time

mL (crystalloid 1820 mL; colloid 650 mL), respectively. After the surgery, the patient was transported to the intensive care unit where 2 additional units of packed red blood cells were transfused. Thereafter, her anemia improved (hemoglobin 8.9 g/dL; hematocrit 27.6%). On postoperative day 1, her hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were maintained (hemoglobin 8.7 g/dL; hematocrit 26.9%; Table ). After confirming stable hemodynamics and adequate respiratory efforts, the patient was extubated and transported to the ward. As normal per our institution, she

catheter were inserted in the operating room after the surgical drapes were removed. During the surgery patient received a total of 4 L of crystalloids, estimated blood loss was 150 mL, and urine output was 220 mL. Patient was then transferred to the postanesthesia care unit, where a routine chest x-ray taken to confirm the tip of the triple lumen catheter revealed a malpositioned NGT in the left lower lobe bronchus ( Figure ), which was immediately removed. The endotracheal tube was noted to be at 5–6 cm above the carina, which was advanced 3 cm and secured to the

with estimation of the level of consciousness using BIS (BIS A-2000; Covidien). We set the value of BIS at 50 to prevent changes in blood pressure due to sedative dosing. We routinely administer crystalloids to correct hypotension. Further decreases in mean arterial blood pressure are corrected by increasing fluid infusion rates, use of the Trendelenburg position, and intravenous ephedrine in light of a previous report. 6 However, hypotension did not occur in this case. Takayasu arteritis is characterized by focal stenosis involving the aorta and the