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electromyography (EMG), 30-Second Blink Count (Blink), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory Scores (SAI) were recorded. The DSST asks subjects to decode, digit-associate, and write as many simple geometric symbols as possible within 90 seconds. The DSST was initially administered 2–4 times to minimize learning effects, and the final score was recorded. The SAI is a 20-question inventory with responses rated on a 1 to 4 scale. SAI scores range from 20 (low anxiety state) to 80 (high anxiety state). Subjects were also shown a photograph of

prerequisites on the day of surgery. Baseline psychomotor testing was performed and included a Trieger test and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). The patient was asked to rate their level of anxiety on a 100-mm-visual analog scale (VAS) on which 0 represented “calm and comfortable” and 100 “very anxious and stressed.” To aid the testing of amnesia, a labeled picture of an animal was shown at this point. An Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAAS) rating was then recorded. Electrocardiogram (ECG), pulse oximetry, blood pressure, and bispectral analysis (BIS