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Inhalation anesthesia has been known to cause emergence delirium and agitation, particularly in young children. Halothane was the induction agent of choice for children for 4 decades until the advent of sevoflurane, which offered better clinical outcomes in the pediatric patient. Sevoflurane is advantageous because it does not cause significant cardiac depression and dysrhythmias compared to halothane. Inhalation induction and maintenance are often necessary in children who are uncooperative and combative. There are numerous other advantages

Midazolam has been frequently used for intravenous sedation in dental treatment because of reliable sedation and profound amnesia. Propofol has been applied not only for general anesthesia but also for intravenous sedation by using the bolus or continuous injection technique. It has been reported that the paradox phenomenon, represented by instances of hostility, rage, and physical violence, can be caused by midazolam 1–7 and that delirium is induced by propofol. 8 9 We report 2 episodes of delirium caused by midazolam alone and by

the literature illustrates several cases of hallucinations involving the accepted indication (insomnia) of triazolam. In 1979, van der Kroef 4 described triazolam as potentiating a “syndrome” that included reactions such as “depersonalisation, derealisation, depression, and hypnagogic hallucinations.” Although van der Kroef was criticized for the lack of validity of his claims, his accounts marked the beginning of controversy involving triazolam and delirium. 4 5 Delirium involves a failure of cognitive function characterized by confusion, disordered speech

side effects are dose dependent. Potential complications associated with opioid use include sedation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, dependence, tolerance, delayed gastric emptying, respiratory depression, and delirium. Consideration for using the lowest effective dose necessary is critical when adding opioids into an anesthetic management plan. Postoperative delirium is a major risk factor for flap loss and complications following reconstruction with tissue flaps. 3 As such, the prevention of postoperative delirium is essential to a good

. During emergence from anesthesia, her heart rate suddenly increased to 165 bpm, she became diaphoretic, began shivering, and developed delirium and generalized erythema of the entire body. After extubation, the erythema disappeared in 5 minutes, and delirium disappeared in 10 minutes. Her heart rate and blood pressure remained elevated (150 bpm and 147/87 mm Hg, respectively) even after she returned to normal consciousness. However, because these values approximated those at admission, she did not complain of any pain, and she was spontaneously breathing, her

anesthesia providers performing the catheterizations. This study took place at a tertiary care children's hospital, so it is unknown if their findings are generalizable to other institutions. Also, the number of IV attempts was self-reported, and there was no differentiation of the data to account for fasting status. There was also no way to determine whether inhalation induction was used before IV catheter insertion. Duprey MS, Devlin JW, Griffith JL, et al. Association between perioperative medication use and postoperative delirium and

irritated preoperatively is at a higher risk for developing emergence delirium postoperatively. 2 , 3 This can be especially difficult in the ambulatory dental environment as emergence delirium can delay recovery, mask postoperative complications, and negatively impact patient and parent satisfaction. Balkaya et al 4 assessed fasting times and emergence delirium in 110 pediatric patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging with sedation. Weak positive correlations were found with emergence delirium and longer fasting times for solids (13.05 h vs 11.32 h) and fluids

States as a preventative measure of and treatment modality for emergence delirium after general anesthesia. 6 Table 1. Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes and Their Physiologic Functions MECHANISM OF ACTION Most studies to differentiate the various subtypes of α-2 receptors have been performed with molecular cloning using rat and human models. Ruffalo et al 7 demonstrated that administering yohimbine, a selective α-2 antagonist, can differentiate the types of receptors. He

Adverse events, 54 Agitation, 67 Analgesics, 178 Antibiotic prophylaxis, 111 Antibiotics, 111 Anticoagulants, 72 Antifungals, 111 Antiplatelet drugs, 72 Articaine, 42 Benzodiazepine, 162 Children, 54, 60 Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration, 21 Cut nasotracheal tube, 11 Delayed recovery, 153 Delirium, 67 Dental anesthesia sonophoresis device, 37 Dental anxiety, 46 Dental Anxiety Scale, 46 Dental

Khanna P, Saini K, Sinha R, Nisa N, Kumar S, Maitra S. Correlation between duration of preoperative fasting and emergence delirium in pediatric patients undergoing ophthalmic examination under anesthesia: a prospective observational study. Pediatr Anesth . 2018;28:547–551. Preoperative fasting in children can increase anxiety; however, no previously published data are available to determine whether duration of preoperative fasting correlates with postoperative emergence delirium. The aim of this study was to identify any correlation between