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diseases” versus “physical proximity to others.” Historically, professionals in dentistry have been vulnerable to a number of infectious diseases, including hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr–derived infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis (TB), cytomegalovirus, rubella, gonorrhea, syphilis, influenza, and HIV. 4 Dental literature from 1989 5 cited 14% of general dentists and “nearly twice that number of oral and maxillofacial surgeons” testing positive for viral HBV markers. Accordingly, the American Dental Association (ADA) developed

was spread within the office, she speculated that it could have been the result of contaminated surgical instruments or the reuse of disposable needles among other possibilities. Of the 4202 patients tested at state health facilities, 89 were found positive for HCV, 5 for hepatitis B, and 4 for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, so far there has not yet been any evidence to link these additional infections with that office, as their incidences are close to the expected ranges in the general population. Further genetic testing was to continue. Although

, they also may reduce the infection rates of surgical patients, as well as the number of sick days taken by employees with the H 1 N 1 flu, the seasonal flu, the common cold, and other similar illnesses. Just as the discovery of the HIV-AIDS virus several decades ago prompted dentists to begin wearing personal protective equipment, including gloves, the H 1 N 1 virus may very well teach health care workers to be more cognizant of the necessity of more frequent hand washing. Ultimately, the postoperative bacterial infection rates of our patients may be

question is: what will be the lasting impact of SARS-CoV-2? By most accounts, dentistry last faced a new adversary of this caliber in the early '80s when HIV exploded onto the scene, ushering in a new “normal” from which followed the establishment of universal precautions in dentistry. Although treating dental patients without the use of gloves seems ludicrous today, many surely remember when that wasn't the case. Dentistry has evolved with the times, albeit slowly on occasion, and it seems reasonable fallout from this pandemic will produce yet another new

. Dapsone is an antimicrobial in the sulfone family that was originally used to treat leprosy. Currently, dapsone has become a component of second-line regimens for the prophylaxis of P. carinii pneumonia and malaria, and for primary prophylaxis against T. gondii in HIV-infected patients with CD4 T-lymphocyte counts lower than 100 cells/mm. 2 It is also used in organ transplant recipients for PCP prophylaxis secondary to long-term immunosuppression. In addition, it also has significant anti-inflammatory effects that have led to its use in a range of autoimmune

containing sterile saline was not contaminated because viruses probably don't swim upstream in the IV line. In truth, the CDC indicates that everything entering in or connected to the IV line once it is connected to the patient's blood is considered contaminated with that patient's blood. Lack of aseptic technique by an Oklahoma oral surgeon clearly led to the over 60 cases of hepatitis and HIV inoculation in 2013, including the first documented case of transfer of hepatitis C between patients in a dental office. Were any of these cases related to sedation with lack of

necessity of preventing the possible intraoperative and postoperative complications of a misplaced NGT and simple measures to recognize misplacement in patients presenting for similar surgeries. CASE REPORT A 64-year-old male, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status IIIE, with history of pancreatic cancer, HIV (last CD4 count = 500) on highly active antiretroviral therapy, and depression and prior history of drug abuse on methadone, and who had previously undergone a Whipple procedure and an open reduction and internal fixation

(Xanax) are substrates for CYP3A4, which provide their elimination. Drugs that inhibit these enzymes can elevate serum concentrations and prolong the elimination of these benzodiazepines. The risk for this potentiation is most significant with the HIV protease inhibitors and azole antifungals. Large amounts of grapefruit juice have also been implicated, but in amounts under 1 quart per day any influence is probably insignificant. 22 This interaction is not likely to influence the amount of sedative required to achieve satisfactory sedation but will most certainly

interactions alter activity of hepatic microsomal enzymes. These enzymes are known as the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) and are categorized using a system of numbers and letters representing genetic families, eg, 3A4 and 2D6. Erythromycin and codeine derivatives will serve as examples of this interaction. 3 4 Erythromycin inhibits the activity of CYP2A4. This group of enzymes is responsible for the metabolism and clearance of carbamazepine (Tegretol), protease inhibitors for HIV infection, and the statins such as simvastatin (Zocor) used for cholesterol reduction

cortical projection and supplies the lower facial muscles. 3 , 14 Apart from the “central” paralysis, peripheral facial nerve palsy should be distinguished from a number of pathologic entities that manifest similar clinical features. The list of differential diagnoses includes trauma, operative injury, acoustic neuroma, otitis media, malignant parotid tumors, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (geniculate herpes zoster), Lyme disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Melkersson syndrome, underlying HIV infection, infectious diseases, particularly syphilitic or tuberculous basilar