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Mean changes in muscle blood flow during hypercapnia and after phentolamine or metaproterenol administration.
MBF and QBF decreased during hypercapnia, while the decrease in MBF was smaller than that in QBF. Both MBF and QBF recovered to their baseline levels after phentolamine administration. In contrast, although MBF became greater than its baseline level, QBF did not fully recover to its baseline level after phentolamine administration. Data are expressed as the percentage change in respective baseline values. MBF, masseter muscle tissue blood flow; QBF, quadriceps muscle tissue blood flow. a P < .05 versus baseline; b P < .05 versus hypercapnia; c P < .05 between the 2 groups.
Muscle blood flow during hypercapnia and post-stellate ganglion block (SGB) compared with baseline. Left and right masseter muscle tissue blood flow (LMBF and RMBF) decreased to ∼75% and left femoral quadriceps muscle tissue blood flow (LQBF) decreased to ∼60% of the respective baseline values at hypercapnia. Although LMBF recovered to its baseline value, RMBF and LQBF further decreased and reached ∼55 and 45% of their respective baseline values at post-SGB. Mean ± SD (n = 8). & p < 0.05 compared with LMBF; $ p < 0.05 compared with RMBF.
Effect of minute ventilation during oxygen-induced hypercapnia. During 15 minutes of high oxygen administration, which recovers substantially, is seen in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the oxygen-induced hypercapnia does not recover. CO2, carbon dioxide; VE, minute ventilation.
Mean changes in muscle blood flow during hypocapnia and after phenylephrine or butoxamine administration.
MBF and QBF increased during hypocapnia, while the increase in MBF was larger than that in QBF. Both MBF and QBF decreased to about 90% to 95% of their baseline levels after phenylephrine or butoxamine administration. Data are expressed as the percentage change in respective baseline values. MBF, masseter muscle tissue blood flow; QBF, quadriceps muscle tissue blood flow. a P < .05 versus baseline; d P < .05 versus hypocapnia; c P < .05 between the 2 groups.
Comparisons of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) during remifentanil (Remi) infusion with those during no Remi infusion. All variables were decreased during Remi infusion when compared under identical end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (ETCO2) level. The DBP level was increased and HR was decreased along with ETCO2 elevation during Remi infusion. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 8). *P < .05 versus respective values at ETCO2 30 mm Hg. #P < .05 between two values at the same ETCO2 level.
Comparisons of common carotid artery blood flow (CCBF), tongue mucosal blood flow (TBF), mandibular bone marrow tissue blood flow (BBF), upper alveolar tissue blood flow (UBF), lower alveolar tissue blood flow (LBF), and masseter muscle tissue blood flow (MBF) during remifentanil (Remi) infusion with those during no Remi infusion. All variables were decreased during Remi infusion when compared under identical end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (ETCO2) level. The BBF, UBF, and LBF values were increased and MBF was decreased along with ETCO2 elevation during Remi infusion. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 8). *P < .05 versus respective values at ETCO2 30 mm Hg. #P < .05 between 2 values at the same ETCO2 level.