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. Meperidine was first introduced in 1939 as an analgesic, sedative, and antispasmodic agent. 21 It is also known as pethidine or Demerol. Meperidine is a phenylpiperidine derivative of the opioids. 22 23 The molecular weight and pKa of meperidine are closer to lidocaine than other opioids. 22 Clinically, meperidine has local anesthetic activity. A number of clinical and experimental studies 24–36 have shown that meperidine induces spinal anesthesia and blocks action potentials, providing segmental and sensory blocks comparable to those provided by lidocaine. In

An important aspect of patient management in dentistry is pain control, which is mainly achieved using local anesthetic drugs. 1 Lidocaine is the most commonly used local anesthetic in most countries around the world and has served as a gold standard for past 5 decades. 1 , 2 In spite of its use as an effective tool for pain control in dentistry, multiple injections can trigger anxiety and induce pain in children. 1 Some nerve blocks, like the greater palatine nerve block and the inferior alveolar nerve block, are generally considered

treatment to be performed. 2 As with every medication, each local anesthetic has unique pharmacological properties and specific benefits and risks when selected for use in dental treatment. 3 An important risk with some injectable local anesthetics is the formation of methemoglobin. 4 , 5 There are currently 5 injectable local anesthetics prepared for and marketed to the dental profession: articaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, and prilocaine. 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 Lidocaine is the prototypical amide local anesthetic agent and remains the most commonly used

alteration of perineurial permeability. This effect is short lived, reaching a maximum effect at certain concentrations of mannitol and declining at higher concentrations. 14,16,18,19 Additionally, there is some evidence that hyperosmolar solutions like mannitol delay or block action potential propagation in selective A-type neurons in rats. 20 However, the effects on neural conduction of a diluted mannitol-lidocaine formulation are unknown. Mannitol is a 6-carbon sugar alcohol (C 6 H 14 O 6 ) with a molecular weight of 182.17. 21,22 Mannitol occurs naturally

to be lower than that of lidocaine. 7 We hypothesized that a factor that contributed to less effective infiltration anesthesia with ropivacaine was its decreased permeability in oral tissue. In this study, to examine the local distribution of ropivacaine and lidocaine after maxillary infiltration anesthesia, we injected radioisotope-labeled local anesthetics into the rat maxilla, and compared their distributions over time. METHODS Approval from the Animal Care Committee of the Nippon Dental University was obtained before the

of the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and phentolamine was performed. This article describes the pharmacokinetics of phentolamine following administration of intraoral and intravenous injections. Additionally, the effects of phentolamine mesylate reversal on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine with epinephrine when administered for maxillary and mandibular local anesthesia were evaluated. Methods This was a single-center, open-label, 4-treatment, phase 1 crossover study designed and statistically powered to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of

epidurals, peripheral nerve blocks, and regional anesthesia. They found that higher-pH solutions established anesthesia of better quality. A number of authors 16 – 19 have reported faster onset with pH-adjusted anesthetic solutions. Davies 20 reviewed the literature on buffering local anesthetics to decrease the pain of injection and found that buffering local anesthetics with sodium bicarbonate significantly reduced injection pain. No studies have used a sodium bicarbonate–buffered lidocaine formulation for IAN blocks. The authors wished to determine whether a

, since each peak represents a cardiac cycle in a previously determined time interval. After the animal was adequately prepared and the Dynograph was calibrated, the equipment was set to record systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures, as well as heart rate. A period of 15 minutes was used to stabilize the experiment (control period). We then administered the test drug intravenously, through the trocar into the surgically exposed jugular vein, in dosages of 0.51 mg/kg lidocaine hydrochloride and 0.51 μg/kg norepinephrine hydrochloride. These doses were

recovery period. Lidocaine, the first commercialized amide local anesthetic, is still the most widely used anesthetic in some countries. 1 It is considered a reference for any new local anesthetic. 2 Extensive information is available about the efficacy of lidocaine, but little has been published concerning the volume required to produce adequate clinical anesthesia. It is suggested that a minimum of 1.0 to 1.5 mL is necessary to promote inferior alveolar nerve block. 3 It has been shown that volumes exceeding 1.8 mL are not more efficient. 4 , 5