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Figure 3.; Individual data points, median, and range for dental anxiety, anesthetic onset, and anesthetic duration. There were no significant differences between the groups for Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) scores (P = .749), anesthetic onset (P = .432), or anesthetic duration (P = .708).
Michael C. Moran,
Lisa J. Heaton,
Brian G. Leroux, and
Natasha M. Flake
Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Individual data points, median, and range for dental anxiety, anesthetic onset, and anesthetic duration. There were no significant differences between the groups for Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) scores (P = .749), anesthetic onset (P = .432), or anesthetic duration (P = .708).

Local Anesthetic Efficacy in Marijuana Users and Nonusers: A Pilot Study
Michael C. MoranDDS, MSD,
Lisa J. HeatonPhD,
Brian G. LerouxPhD, and
Natasha M. FlakeDDS, PhD, MSD
Article Category: Research Article
Volume/Issue: Volume 69: Issue 4
Online Publication Date: Dec 19, 2022
DOI: 10.2344/anpr-69-02-08
Page Range: 15 – 21

Cannabis Use Problems Identification Test (CUPIT). 9 A marijuana user was someone who uses marijuana on average 1 day per week or more for the past 12 months and uses marijuana >3 days per week or more over the past 3 months. A nonuser uses marijuana <1 day per month for the past 12 months and has not used marijuana at all over the past 3 months. Potential subjects whose use-pattern fell between these 2 categories were disqualified from enrolling. Subjects were also asked to complete the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) questionnaire, as dental anxiety has

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Figure 1.; Flowchart of subject screening and testing protocol.
Michael C. Moran,
Lisa J. Heaton,
Brian G. Leroux, and
Natasha M. Flake
Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Flowchart of subject screening and testing protocol.

Figure 2.; Subject screening and participation results.
Michael C. Moran,
Lisa J. Heaton,
Brian G. Leroux, and
Natasha M. Flake
Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Subject screening and participation results.

The Effect of Various Concentrations of Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen on the Hypersensitive Gag Reflex
Candace K. E. De VeauxDDS, MSD,
Thomas A. MontagneseDDS, MS,
Masahiro HeimaDDS, PhD,
Anita AminoshariaeDDS, MS, and
Andre MickelDDS, MSD
Article Category: Research Article
Volume/Issue: Volume 63: Issue 4
Online Publication Date: Jan 01, 2016
DOI: 10.2344/15-00039.1
Page Range: 181 – 184

We used the Predictive Gagging Survey (PGS) 18 to confirm the patients who identified themselves as having an HGR and the Modified Dental Anxiety Survey (MDAS) 19 to assess the patients' dental anxiety. Inclusion Criteria We included patients who presented to the Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine Graduate Endodontic Clinic, were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I and II, claimed to have an HGR, and were 7 years of age or older. All participants signed a consent form and completed the PGS

Development and Validation of the Spanish Interval Scale of Anxiety Response (ISAR)
Lisa J. HeatonPhD,
Laura J. Garcia,
Lance W. GledhillBS,
Kent A. BeesleyBS, and
Susan E. ColdwellPhD
Article Category: Research Article
Volume/Issue: Volume 54: Issue 3
Online Publication Date: Jan 01, 2007
DOI: 10.2344/0003-3006(2007)54[100:DAVOTS]2.0.CO;2
Page Range: 100 – 108

translations of dental fear measures has focused on dental trait (continuously-felt) anxiety scales, such as the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), and the Dental Fear Survey (DFS). 6–8 Work has not focused on validating measures of state (currently-felt) anxiety. Dental state anxiety scales allow a concise way for patients to indicate how much anxiety they are experiencing while in the immediate dental situation. Such scales are useful in assessing the effectiveness of both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions to reduce