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, and we then induced deep sedation by inhalation anesthesia. We were unable to detect the patient's carotid pulse when severe bradycardia was recognized on the ECG. We diagnosed pulseless electrical activity (PEA) based on the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)/Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) algorithms of the American Heart Association (AHA). 8 , 9 PEA is a category of cardiac arrest in which there may be a normal electrical pattern of the heart, but not enough cardiac output to produce a pulse. Fortunately, not only the anesthesiologists but also

). AED analysis indicated that shock delivery was inappropriate at that time (“no shock advised”), suggestive of asystole or pulseless electric activity (PEA). The AED also directed the continuation of chest compressions. Therefore, chest compressions were immediately resumed after confirming the continued absence of a carotid pulse. A 1-mg intramuscular (IM) bolus of epinephrine (1:1000) was administered into the patient's anterolateral thigh ∼7 minutes after SCA, followed by the placement of a 22-gauge intravenous (IV) line ∼5 minutes later. A 1-mg IV bolus of

illustrates a flowchart for the study. TLA was lidocaine 2% in gel (Dynexan Mundgel, Kreussler Pharma GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany). Prior to the application of the study medication, the area to be treated was dried with a swab. A pea-sized amount of gel (corresponding to approximately 0.2 g gel or 4 mg lidocaine) was uniformly applied in a thin layer on the gingival mucosa approximately 1 cm below the gingival margin of tooth no. 14 and gently massaged for 1 minute into the target area. A cotton swab was then placed on the area for 5 minutes to ensure that the medication

AHA (American Heart Association) or JAAM (Japanese Association for Acute Medicine). Before and after the course, some questionnaires were given to all 239 participants. Results. Before BLS-AED course, most participants answered “When I encounter a collapsed patient, I want to help but I can't help”. However, after BLS-AED course, most participants answered “I can help” and the acknowledgment of the technical term (BLS, ACLS, AED, PEA, AHA) increased significantly. Discussion and conclusions. Most participants learnt about BLS