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). To reduce stimulation, no dental isolation (ie, rubber dam) was used during any of the study procedures. After preparation, an appropriately sized zirconia crown was fit, and baseline HR and blood pressure were recorded. Next, 2 cotton pellets were stretched and applied circumferentially to the gingival tissue of the prepared tooth. Pellets for the control treatment were prepared by soaking the pellets in 0.9% sodium chloride (physiological saline). Pellets for the experimental treatment (HemeRx, Racellet #3, Sprig Oral Health Technologies, Inc) were prepared as

infiltration anesthesia on lidocaine concentration in the rabbit jawbone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals Japanese white rabbits ( n = 144, body weight: 2.66 ± 0.3 kg, 16 weeks of age, male; Nippon Bio-Supp. Center, Tokyo, Japan) were used. Animals were kept in a controlled animal room at 23°C and 60% humidity and given free access to pellets (MF, Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan) and drinking tap water until the experiment day. This study was performed in accordance with the Animal Experiment Regulations of Ohu University (permit

access to feed pellets (MF, Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan) and drinking water (tap water) until the experimental day. This study was performed in accordance with the Animal Experiment Regulations of Ohu University (Permit No. 2013-49, 2014-29). General Anesthesia and Experimental Model General anesthesia was induced with 5% sevoflurane and oxygen 5 L/min was administered using anesthesia equipment for small animals (Soft Lander, Shin-Ei Industries, Tokyo, Japan). A tracheotomy was performed while general anesthesia was maintained by 3

, immunizations, and other types of injections, especially in children. 26 – 30 Their use is much less widespread in dentistry; nevertheless, both ice sticks and refrigerants have been used in dental settings to provide preinjection anesthesia, and both have been described in the literature. 26 , 31 Kosaraju and Vanderwalle 6 described previous frozen ice stick and 5-second refrigerant applications using cotton pellets saturated with dichlorodifluoromethane on palatal penetration sites. 32 They also described anecdotal evidence suggesting that off-label applications of 1

. Morita USA, Irvine, CA) was then used to determine the working length approximately 1.0 mm from the apex and confirmed with a digital radiograph. The minimum canal preparation was a size 30 with a .04 taper because it was important that complete cleaning and shaping was performed. Canals were irrigated with 3.0% sodium hypochlorite (Clorox Company, Oakland, CA) following the use of every third hand and rotary file. The canals were not obturated. A cotton pellet was placed, and the tooth was temporized with Cavit (Cavit G, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany). Complete removal of