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the depth of anesthesia in accordance with the level of surgical stimulation. Whereas the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of propofol make it a nearly ideal sedative, its lack of analgesic properties often necessitates concurrent administration of IV opioids, even when local anesthesia is provided. Fentanyl, alfentanil, and remifentanil are commonly used opioid agonists that provide rapid onset, relatively short duration, and potent analgesia, all of which are useful during anesthetic induction, the injection of local anesthetic, and the stimulating

to evaluate sedation levels. 6 – 9 However, mainly because of the high cost of BIS, it is not standard equipment for sedation during dental treatment. In our facility, sedation for implant-related surgery is performed with a continuous infusion of propofol, and the infusion rate is adjusted according to BIS in all cases. Thus, we hypothesized that a multivariate analysis of retrospective data would enable us to extract independent factors that affect the dose of propofol in sedation. The factors identified in this study are considered useful indicators of

INTRODUCTION Intravenous sedation is useful for performing dental procedures in patients with severe dental phobia. 1 , 2 However, some patients with severe dental phobia tend to receive dental procedures under frequent intravenous sedation. We encountered a rare case of a patient with severe dental phobia who received intravenous sedation with propofol more than 100 times for various dental procedures. Here, we analyze the changes in dosage and frequency of propofol administration and also retrospectively examine the correlation between

agent of choice, it also presents a high incidence of emergence delirium and agitation compared to other inhalation anesthetic agents. This article will review the various agents investigated for the reduction of emergence agitation and delirium (EAD), including the limitations of such techniques. Since Bispectral Index System (BIS)-guided anesthesia has been proven to be very useful in various aspects of ambulatory pediatric anesthesia, including reducing extubation, recovery, and discharge times, a novel technique employing the BIS-guided supplemental propofol

Propofol is one of the most commonly used sedative agents for intravenous sedation during dental procedures. By continuous infusion, propofol provides the ability to titrate to a desired level of sedation and provides a rapid recovery because of the short context-sensitive half-time and the short effect-site equilibration time. 1 However, propofol causes a high incidence of pain on injection, approximately 60% according to a recent review, with some patients recalling the induction of anesthesia as the most painful part of the perioperative

Midazolam has been frequently used for intravenous sedation in dental treatment because of reliable sedation and profound amnesia. Propofol has been applied not only for general anesthesia but also for intravenous sedation by using the bolus or continuous injection technique. It has been reported that the paradox phenomenon, represented by instances of hostility, rage, and physical violence, can be caused by midazolam 1–7 and that delirium is induced by propofol. 8 9 We report 2 episodes of delirium caused by midazolam alone and by

, and multiple joint contractures. 3 4 When compared with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), BMD has milder muscle weakness and a better prognosis, and FCMD progresses at a slower rate and demonstrates lower serum levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Although few reports have addressed a continuous infusion of propofol in patients with progressive muscular dystrophy, 5–8 there is supportive consensus of opinion regarding its use. 5–14 However, an inhalational anesthetic might cause some complications in patients with DMD or BMD. 15–17 More specifically

Dental treatment often involves uncomfortable procedures that require adequate sedation. Intravenous midazolam and propofol have long been used to induce appropriate sedation during dental treatment. In particular, propofol is used in patients with a severe gag reflex. 1 , 2 Midazolam is a fast-acting benzodiazepine with a short elimination half-life. It exhibits sedative, anxiolytic, hypnotic, and anterograde amnesic properties. 3 In addition, flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, can be used to treat a midazolam overdose. Propofol was

Rapid onset, absence of complications (eg, nausea, vomiting, and delirium), lack of pain after treatment, patient satisfaction, and low cost are universal goals in outpatient anesthesia. 1 In a previous study on the recovery process after general anesthesia, we reported that although time to awakening was longer after general anesthesia with propofol alone than after anesthesia with sevoflurane alone, the total time for recovery did not differ. 2 Furthermore, although patient satisfaction after propofol anesthesia was superior to that

Anesthetics used for ambulatory anesthesia should have the following characteristics: smooth and rapid induction, easily controllable depth of anesthesia in the maintenance phase, rapid emergence and recovery from anesthesia, and few adverse reactions after general anesthesia. 1 Two anesthetics currently used for ambulatory anesthesia are propofol and sevoflurane. Emergence from propofol anesthesia is rapid because the context-sensitive half-time is less than 30 minutes 2 even after 5-hour continuous infusion. Emergence from sevoflurane