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Figure 3. ; Chromatogram of lidocaine concentration from oral mucosa in rabbit in one case.
Eri Tanaka,
 Kenji Yoshida,
 Hiroyoshi Kawaai, and
 Shinya Yamazaki
Figure 3. 
Figure 3. 

Chromatogram of lidocaine concentration from oral mucosa in rabbit in one case.

Large-Dose Epinephrine Reduces Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow Under General Anesthesia in Rabbits
Yui Terakawa DDS, PhD and
 Tatsuya Ichinohe DDS, PhD
Article Category: Other
Volume/Issue: Volume 59: Issue 3
Online Publication Date: Jan 01, 2012
DOI: 10.2344/12-00006.1
Page Range: 118 – 122

thrombosis (DVT) might be increased in clinical settings. It has been reported that DVT has occurred in patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery. 11 In this study, therefore, we observed the changes in skeletal muscle blood flow during small- and large-dose epinephrine infusions in anesthetized rabbits. METHODS Sixteen male Japan White rabbits (2.2–2.7 kg), purchased from Sankyo Labo Company, Tokyo, Japan, were utilized. This study was performed according to the Guidelines for the Treatment of Experimental Animals in Tokyo

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Lidocaine Concentration in Oral Tissue by the Addition of Epinephrine
Eri Tanaka DDS, PhD,
 Kenji Yoshida DDS, PhD,
 Hiroyoshi Kawaai DDS, PhD, and
 Shinya Yamazaki DDS, PhD
Article Category: Research Article
Volume/Issue: Volume 63: Issue 1
Online Publication Date: Jan 01, 2016
DOI: 10.2344/15-00003R2.1
Page Range: 17 – 24

taken from the jawbone. Consequently, in this study, we studied the effect of lidocaine concentration in the jawbone and oral mucosal tissue by the addition of epinephrine to the local anesthetic lidocaine, by quantitatively determining lidocaine concentration directly in tissue. METHODS Animals Ninety-six Japanese white rabbits (body weight: 2.65 ± 0.3 kg, 16 weeks of age, male) (Nippon Bio-Supp Center, Tokyo, Japan) were used. The animals were kept in a controlled animal room at 23°C and 60% humidity, and given free

Figure 5. ; Chromatogram of lidocaine from mandibular bone in rabbit.
Sachie Ogawa,
 Masahiro Watanabe,
 Hiroyoshi Kawaai,
 Hitoshi Tada, and
 Shinya Yamazaki
<bold>Figure 5</bold> . 
Figure 5 . 

Chromatogram of lidocaine from mandibular bone in rabbit.

Involvement of α- and β-Adrenergic Receptors in Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow Changes During Hyper-/Hypocapnia in Anesthetized Rabbits
Kyotaro Koshika DDS, PhD,
 Rumi Kaneko DDS,
 Mai Shionoya DDS,
 Kotaro Shimizu DDS,
 Yuka Sendai DDS,
 Nobutaka Matsuura DDS,
 Yui Akiike DDS, PhD, and
 Tatsuya Ichinohe DDS, PhD
Article Category: Research Article
Volume/Issue: Volume 70: Issue 2
Online Publication Date: Jun 28, 2023
DOI: 10.2344/anpr-70-02-02
Page Range: 58 – 64

Skeletal muscle blood flow is regulated by various mechanisms. 1 , 2 In general, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, lactate, adenosine, adenosine triphosphate, and serotonin have vasodilatory effects, while endothelin and serotonin have vasoconstrictive effects. Although carbon dioxide has direct vasodilatory effects, an elevation in PaCO 2 also enhances sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, which leads to vasoconstriction with a net result of reduced blood flow at the skeletal muscle tissue level. 1 In anesthetized rabbits, increases in

Figure 1. ; Method of general anesthesia. General anesthesia was induced by oxygen 5 L/min and 5% sevoflurane, and then a tracheotomy was performed, after which general anesthesia was maintained at oxygen 3 L/min and 3% sevoflurane. A cannula was inserted into the femoral artery, and arterial pressure was continuously recorded throughout the experiment using a polygraph and a pressure transducer.
Eri Tanaka,
 Kenji Yoshida,
 Hiroyoshi Kawaai, and
 Shinya Yamazaki
Figure 1. 
Figure 1. 

Method of general anesthesia. General anesthesia was induced by oxygen 5 L/min and 5% sevoflurane, and then a tracheotomy was performed, after which general anesthesia was maintained at oxygen 3 L/min and 3% sevoflurane. A cannula was inserted into the femoral artery, and arterial pressure was continuously recorded throughout the experiment using a polygraph and a pressure transducer.

Figure 2. ; Location of infiltration anesthesia: 0.5 mL of 2% of lidocaine containing 1 : 80,000 epinephrine or 0.5 mL of 2% of epinephrine additive-free lidocaine was infused into the right maxillae for 20 seconds. Injection site was the buccal side of the third molar on both sides (white arrow). Subperiosteal infiltration anesthesia was performed by touching the needle tip to the jawbone surface under the periosteum.
Eri Tanaka,
 Kenji Yoshida,
 Hiroyoshi Kawaai, and
 Shinya Yamazaki
Figure 2. 
Figure 2. 

Location of infiltration anesthesia: 0.5 mL of 2% of lidocaine containing 1 : 80,000 epinephrine or 0.5 mL of 2% of epinephrine additive-free lidocaine was infused into the right maxillae for 20 seconds. Injection site was the buccal side of the third molar on both sides (white arrow). Subperiosteal infiltration anesthesia was performed by touching the needle tip to the jawbone surface under the periosteum.

Figure 4. ; Change of mean arterial pressure before and after infiltration anesthesia. No significant difference was observed.
Eri Tanaka,
 Kenji Yoshida,
 Hiroyoshi Kawaai, and
 Shinya Yamazaki
Figure 4. 
Figure 4. 

Change of mean arterial pressure before and after infiltration anesthesia. No significant difference was observed.

Figure 5. ; Change of blood lidocaine concentration after infiltration anesthesia. At all time points, blood lidocaine concentration in epinephrine addition group (E+) was significantly lower than that in epinephrine additive–free group (E0). ** P < .01 E+ versus E0. * P < .05 E+ versus E0.
Eri Tanaka,
 Kenji Yoshida,
 Hiroyoshi Kawaai, and
 Shinya Yamazaki
Figure 5. 
Figure 5. 

Change of blood lidocaine concentration after infiltration anesthesia. At all time points, blood lidocaine concentration in epinephrine addition group (E+) was significantly lower than that in epinephrine additive–free group (E0). ** P < .01 E+ versus E0. * P < .05 E+ versus E0.

Figure 6. ; Change of lidocaine concentration in jawbone after infiltration anesthesia. At all time points, lidocaine concentration in jawbone in epinephrine addition group (E+) was significantly higher than that in epinephrine additive–free group (E0). ** P < .01 E+ versus E0. * P < .05 E+ versus E0.
Eri Tanaka,
 Kenji Yoshida,
 Hiroyoshi Kawaai, and
 Shinya Yamazaki
Figure 6. 
Figure 6. 

Change of lidocaine concentration in jawbone after infiltration anesthesia. At all time points, lidocaine concentration in jawbone in epinephrine addition group (E+) was significantly higher than that in epinephrine additive–free group (E0). ** P < .01 E+ versus E0. * P < .05 E+ versus E0.