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Local Anesthesia Part 2: Technical Considerations
Kenneth L. Reed DMD,
 Stanley F. Malamed DDS, and
 Andrea M. Fonner DDS
Article Category: Other
Volume/Issue: Volume 59: Issue 3
Online Publication Date: Jan 01, 2012
DOI: 10.2344/0003-3006-59.3.127
Page Range: 127 – 137

offices happen during or immediately following administration of a local anesthetic. 2 An earlier paper by Becker and Reed 3 provided an in-depth review of the pharmacology of these invaluable drugs. In the present paper we will discuss issues of importance to the safe and effective delivery of these drugs, including needle gauge, traditional and alternative injection techniques, and methods to make injections more comfortable for patients (eg, warming, buffering, novel delivery devices). In addition, we will look at the future of local anesthesia in dentistry

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Figure 1 ; Measurement of the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) of rats using a sphygmomanometer. The rats were warmed to 37°C to 38°C using a cylinder thermostat and placed in a restrainer. The sphygmomanometer cuff was placed around the tail of each rat to measure the BP and HR.
Yukako Tsutsui and
 Katsuhisa Sunada
<bold>Figure 1</bold>
Figure 1

Measurement of the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) of rats using a sphygmomanometer. The rats were warmed to 37°C to 38°C using a cylinder thermostat and placed in a restrainer. The sphygmomanometer cuff was placed around the tail of each rat to measure the BP and HR.

Figure 1. ; Posterior superior alveolar (PSA) nerve block.
Kenneth L. Reed,
 Stanley F. Malamed, and
 Andrea M. Fonner
<bold>Figure 1.</bold>
Figure 1.

Posterior superior alveolar (PSA) nerve block.

Figure 2. ; Middle superior alveolar (MSA) nerve block.
Kenneth L. Reed,
 Stanley F. Malamed, and
 Andrea M. Fonner
<bold>Figure 2.</bold>
Figure 2.

Middle superior alveolar (MSA) nerve block.

Figure 3. ; Anterior superior alveolar (ASA) nerve block.
Kenneth L. Reed,
 Stanley F. Malamed, and
 Andrea M. Fonner
<bold>Figure 3.</bold>
Figure 3.

Anterior superior alveolar (ASA) nerve block.

Figure 4. ; Greater palatine (GP) nerve block.
Kenneth L. Reed,
 Stanley F. Malamed, and
 Andrea M. Fonner
<bold>Figure 4.</bold>
Figure 4.

Greater palatine (GP) nerve block.

Figure 5. ; Nasopalatine (NP) nerve block.
Kenneth L. Reed,
 Stanley F. Malamed, and
 Andrea M. Fonner
<bold>Figure 5.</bold>
Figure 5.

Nasopalatine (NP) nerve block.

Figure 6. ; Inferior alveolar (IA) nerve block.
Kenneth L. Reed,
 Stanley F. Malamed, and
 Andrea M. Fonner
<bold>Figure 6.</bold>
Figure 6.

Inferior alveolar (IA) nerve block.

Figure 7. ; The “poke me” line.
Kenneth L. Reed,
 Stanley F. Malamed, and
 Andrea M. Fonner
<bold>Figure 7.</bold>
Figure 7.

The “poke me” line.

Figure 8. ; Second division (V2) nerve block.
Kenneth L. Reed,
 Stanley F. Malamed, and
 Andrea M. Fonner
<bold>Figure 8.</bold>
Figure 8.

Second division (V2) nerve block.