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Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), also known as spongiform cardiomyopathy, is a recently described, rare, congenital cardiomyopathy with a poor long‐term prognosis. It is characterized by multiple prominent trabeculations with deep intertrabecular recesses within the ventricular walls. The disease usually affects the left ventricle with severe arrhythmias, systemic emboli, eventual heart failure, and sudden death. 1 – 7 Although this disease is important, no case reports have described general anesthesia in patients with LVNC. We experienced a case of

Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) is a very rare congenital cardiac muscle disorder in which the normal condensation or compaction of the myocardium is impaired. 1 The resulting myocardium appears thick and spongy rather than developing as smooth and firm. Although presentation can vary, LVNC can cause heart failure similar to dilated cardiomyopathy, embolism as a result of mural thrombosis, or electrocardiographic abnormalities including fatal arrhythmias, and it can be associated with neuromuscular diseases. 2

Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM) is found in up to 25% of Japanese patients diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). 1 Although most patients with AHCM experience minimal to no symptoms, a variety of signs and symptoms can occur, including atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and angina. 2 Electrocardiographic findings can include T-wave inversion, particularly in the left precordial leads. A spade-like configuration of the left ventricular cavity at the end of diastole on left ventriculography is the typical

conditions, the literature reports the presence of at least 1 cardiac anomaly in one third to two thirds of patients. The most commonly reported congenital heart defects are ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus; less common are conditions such as arch anomalies with vascular rings and aberrant left subclavian artery. Most of the studied children exhibited more than 1 cardiac condition. 3 However, to the best of our knowledge, no case of cardiomyopathy has been described in these patients. Following signed parental consent

stress-induced cardiomyopathy. The physicians speculated that a reaction to the local anesthetic could have been a precipitating factor. DISCUSSION Risk versus benefit must always be evaluated when it comes to patient care. The American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Classification System is commonly used for evaluation of medical risk associated with all surgical procedures. 3 Perhaps the dental team did not appreciate the complexity of the patient's medical history. Certainly, a more in-depth interval health history should have been

a Le Fort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal splitting ramus osteotomy under general anesthesia. Cephalometric radiographs revealed mandibular prognathism due to maxillary hypoplasia and mandibular hyperplasia. She had a short stature, hypertelorism, a short neck, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, an atrial septal defect, iron-deficiency anemia, and recurrent episodes of lymphoedema caused by arteriovenous malformations in both lower extremities. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed mild left ventricular hypertrophy (interventricular septum width 16 mm; normal

to be completed under general anesthesia. The patient was born at 40 weeks 2 days of gestation by normal delivery (3110 g). At 4 months of age, she was diagnosed with pulmonary valve stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The patient was diagnosed with Noonan syndrome at 4 years of age because she presented with short stature and a depression in her forehead midline that was suspected to have been caused by wound dehiscence of the coronal suture. She had since been followed by the pediatric cardiology department every 6 months. Obstructive sleep apnea

-based anesthesia, 3 Pain, postoperative, 57 Pediatric dental general anesthesia, 3 Pediatric dentistry, 66 Pediatric general anesthesia, 3 Pediatric sedation, 66 Pharmacokinetics, 166 Postoperative pain, 73 Propofol, 113 Psychological tests, 8 Safe oxygen saturation levels, 113 Sedation, 82, 126, 166 Special needs, 26 Spongiform cardiomyopathy, 22 University of Michigan Sedation Scale, 66 Urethral catheter, 26 Visual Analogue Scale, 8

Body fluid, 226 Bupivacaine, 127 Capnography, 168 Cardiac failure, 29 Cardiomyopathy, 29 Child, 17 Complications, 66 Congenital bronchial atresia, 102 Congenital disorder, 235 Congenital heart disease, 162 Conscious sedation, 168 Conservative treatment, 248 Demyelinating encephalomyelitis, 97 Dental anxiety, 22, 59 Dental extraction, 22 Dental rehabilitation, 212 Dentist anesthesiologist, 8, 144, 212

(Spongiform Cardiomyopathy) (case report), 22 Yasny JS, Nasal Foreign Body: An Unexpected Discovery (case report), 121 Zanette G, see Facco E, 8