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interference (EMI) and electromagnetic disturbance from electrosurgery/electrocautery devices, apex locators, lasers, electric handpieces, radiation, and other electronic sources. Additionally, vasoactive drugs, such as epinephrine-containing local anesthetics and other sympathomimetics that may be administered during anesthetic management, may have significant effects upon patients who suffer from tachyarrhythmias. Several guidelines have already been promulgated for surgeons and anesthesia providers in the medical field, and parallel treatment decisions can also be

use of a monopolar electrosurgery unit or “bovie” or radiofrequency ablation). If so, providers are advised to alter the pacing function of a CIED to an asynchronous pacing mode in the pacing-dependent patient and suspend an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator's (ICD) antitachyarrhythmia function if present. Before suspending the antitachyarrhythmia function, ensure that the patient is appropriately monitored. Providers should avoid the indiscriminate use of a magnet placed over an ICD. Intraoperative monitoring should include continuous

Dental treatment, 185 Dentistry, 31, 139 Desflurane, 42, 91 Diagnosis of anaphylaxis, 160 ED 95 , 147 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 204 Electrocautery, 95 Electromagnetic interference, 95 Electrosurgery, 95 Emanuel syndrome, 201 Emergency medicine, 62 Epinephrine, 17, 71 Gag reflex, 181 General anesthesia, 31, 91, 156, 201 Health care quality improvement, 192 Hemoglobin A1c, 208 Hyperglycemia, 208 Hypermobility type, 204

: A high-risk procedure is defined as one in which an ignition source (eg, electrosurgery) can come in close proximity to an oxidizer-enriched atmosphere (eg, oxygen and/or nitrous oxide); When administered in an open system, supplemental oxygen in the operating room is defined as a high-risk situation; The literature is insufficient to evaluate whether avoidance of nitrous oxide for high-risk procedures, insufflating with room air, or scavenging with suction in and around the airway affects the risk of

commonly neglected source of fuel that is in close proximity to oral surgical procedures. Water-based lubricants, such as K-Y jelly, are primarily water and will not burn since heat vaporizes the water in the lubricant and cools the area. Water-based lubricants can actually be used to coat hair to make it more fire resistant. Any measure that will reduce the contact of fuel with the other two components of the fire triangle or reduce their flammability will increase the margin of fire safety. Electrocautery, electrosurgery, and laser units, as well as fiber

interference, but the dental office environment may still present some hazard. Ultrasonic scalers, ultrasonic bath cleaners, and electrosurgery units are documented sources of electromagnetic interference. 36 Influence from electrocautery units can be minimized by placing the grounding plate as far away from the implanted generator as possible and making sure that the generator is never located between the grounding plate and the electrode tip of the cautery unit. Also, keep the current as low as possible, and limit the pulse duration (1 s) and frequency (1 pulse/10 s). 35