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alveolar nerve block, 3 Prediabetes, 208 Preinjection, 55 Propofol, 67, 80, 116, 147, 175, 185 Rabbit, 17 Radiographs, 95 Recovery profile, 175 Refrigerant, 55 Remifentanil, 116 Ropivacaine, 71 Salivary secretion, 185 Sedation, 67 Sensing, 95 Sevoflurane, 42, 175 Sex, 67 Solubility, 42 Tachyarrhythmias, 95 Takayasu arteritis, 31 Tetany, 25 Tooth extraction, 156 Topical agents, 55 Type 2 diabetes, 208

portion of the procedure. Pain was also indirectly measured by assessing changes in the participant's heart rate 1 via pulse oximeter (Criticare ® ) at 4 different time points: (a) baseline (B), (b) during administration of the topical gel (preinjection, PI), (c) during needle injection (I), and (d) 1 to 2 minutes after needle injection (postinjection, P). 1 All participants received a phone call the evening after the procedure to assess if there were any adverse events (AEs) from the injection. If any occurred, the participant reported what they

recovered gradually. In Group L, the percent value was significantly less than the preinjection control percent from 2 to 30 minutes postinjection. In Group M, a reduction was observed from just after the injection to 25 minutes. In Group LE, the reduction was until 90 minutes postinjection. Comparing the groups, the reductions of |P1–N1| in Group M were significantly greater than in Group L, but the reduction recovered rapidly. The reductions of |P1–N1| in Group LE were significantly greater than in Group L from just after the injection to 90 minutes. Significant

output (80). The numeric readout at initial sensation was recorded. Trained personnel who were blind to the anesthetic formulations administered performed all preinjection and postinjection tests. At the beginning of each appointment, each subject was connected to a pulse oximeter (Criticare Systems, Inc, Waukesha, WI) by means of a sensor placed over the nail bed of an index finger free of any nail polish or artificial nails. Pulse rate was monitored for 5 time periods. During period 1, baseline pulse rate readings were recorded at 1-minute intervals during

the test solution was deposited at a speed of ∼1 mL/min. Operator 2 performed the preinjection and postinjection tests for pulpal response with an electric pulp tester (Gentle Pulse Analog Pulp Vitality Tester; Parkell, Edgewood, NY) for the indicated tooth and the contralateral canine. Electric pulp test (EPT) on the contralateral canine, which was not anesthetized, was used as a control to ensure that the equipment was working and to verify the patient's response. Ten minutes after injection, the patient was questioned about lip numbness and EPT was

. A comparison of a refrigerant and a topical anesthetic gel as preinjection anesthetics: a clinical evaluation . J Am Dent Assoc . 2009 ; 140 : 68 – 72 . 4 Ballard BE. Biopharmaceutical considerations in subcutaneous and intramuscular drug administration . J Pharm Sci . 1968 ; 57 : 357 – 378 . 5 Fuller NP