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The Effect of Sonophoresis on Topical Anesthesia: A Pilot Project
Joseph L. Packer DMD,
 Barry Krall DDS,
 Ali Makki DMD, and
 Mahmoud Torabinejad DMD, MSD, PhD
Article Category: Other
Volume/Issue: Volume 60: Issue 2
Online Publication Date: Jan 01, 2013
DOI: 10.2344/0003-3006-60.2.37
Page Range: 37 – 41

Sonophoresis, which is low-frequency ultrasound, has been shown to enhance transdermal transport of various drugs, including macromolecules. Enhancement from sonophoresis occurs by disordering the structured lipids in the stratum corneum. Although sonophoresis has been shown to be effective on the skin, its effect has not been studied intraorally. The development of the dental anesthesia sonophoresis device (DASD), a device whose design was specially developed for the application of sonophoresis in the oral cavity, has opened the door for

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Figure 5. ; Schematic drawing of the head of the dental anesthesia sonophoresis device as it is now.
Joseph L. Packer,
 Barry Krall,
 Ali Makki, and
 Mahmoud Torabinejad
<bold>Figure 5.</bold>
Figure 5.

Schematic drawing of the head of the dental anesthesia sonophoresis device as it is now.

Figure 6. ; Schematic drawing of the proposed dental anesthesia sonophoresis device head with a silicon cup to hold anesthetic.
Joseph L. Packer,
 Barry Krall,
 Ali Makki, and
 Mahmoud Torabinejad
<bold>Figure 6.</bold>
Figure 6.

Schematic drawing of the proposed dental anesthesia sonophoresis device head with a silicon cup to hold anesthetic.

Figure 4. ; Scatterplot showing the differences in perceived pain. Values are expressed as millimeters on the visual analog scoring system (0–100 mm). ⋄ represents pain scores with the dental anesthesia sonophoresis device, and • represents pain scores with the control device.
Joseph L. Packer,
 Barry Krall,
 Ali Makki, and
 Mahmoud Torabinejad
<bold>Figure 4.</bold>
Figure 4.

Scatterplot showing the differences in perceived pain. Values are expressed as millimeters on the visual analog scoring system (0–100 mm). ⋄ represents pain scores with the dental anesthesia sonophoresis device, and • represents pain scores with the control device.

Figure 1. ; Picture demonstrating 0.3 mL of 5% lidocaine applied to the control device using a TB syringe.
Joseph L. Packer,
 Barry Krall,
 Ali Makki, and
 Mahmoud Torabinejad
<bold>Figure 1.</bold>
Figure 1.

Picture demonstrating 0.3 mL of 5% lidocaine applied to the control device using a TB syringe.

Figure 2. ; A 27-gauge needle with a rubber endodontic stopper measured at 3 mm.
Joseph L. Packer,
 Barry Krall,
 Ali Makki, and
 Mahmoud Torabinejad
<bold>Figure 2.</bold>
Figure 2.

A 27-gauge needle with a rubber endodontic stopper measured at 3 mm.

Figure 3. ; Statistical summary showing results according to Wilcoxon signed rank test.
Joseph L. Packer,
 Barry Krall,
 Ali Makki, and
 Mahmoud Torabinejad
<bold>Figure 3.</bold>
Figure 3.

Statistical summary showing results according to Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Subject Index, Volume 60
Article Category: Other
Volume/Issue: Volume 60: Issue 4
Online Publication Date: Dec 01, 2013
DOI: 10.2344/0003-3006-60.4.214
Page Range: 214 – 214

Adverse events, 54 Agitation, 67 Analgesics, 178 Antibiotic prophylaxis, 111 Antibiotics, 111 Anticoagulants, 72 Antifungals, 111 Antiplatelet drugs, 72 Articaine, 42 Benzodiazepine, 162 Children, 54, 60 Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration, 21 Cut nasotracheal tube, 11 Delayed recovery, 153 Delirium, 67 Dental anesthesia sonophoresis device, 37 Dental anxiety, 46 Dental Anxiety Scale, 46 Dental

Author Index, Volume 60
Article Category: Other
Volume/Issue: Volume 60: Issue 4
Online Publication Date: Dec 01, 2013
DOI: 10.2344/0003-3006-60.4.213
Page Range: 213 – 213

Meechan JG, see Jaber A, 15 Messieha Z, Prevention of Sevoflurane Delirium and Agitation With Propofol (clinical technique), 67 Miwa Z, see Yoshikawa F, 153 Musselman RJ, see Ritwik P, 54 Nakamura Z, see Yoshikawa F, 153 Nusstein J, see Cohen H, 145 Nusstein J, see Smith S, 3 Okumura H, see Yoshikawa F, 153 Omichi S, see Asahi Y, 11 Packer JL, The Effect of Sonophoresis on Topical Anesthesia: A Pilot Project (scientific report), 37 Prior S, see Yen P, 162 Reader A