side effects are dose dependent. Potential complications associated with opioid use include sedation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, dependence, tolerance, delayed gastric emptying, respiratory depression, and delirium. Consideration for using the lowest effective dose necessary is critical when adding opioids into an anesthetic management plan.
Postoperative delirium is a major risk factor for flap loss and complications following reconstruction with tissue flaps. 3 As such, the prevention of postoperative delirium is essential to a good