Typical tracing of AP and DDP. Method for measurement of AP and DDP.

Dose response curve of lidocaine. This graph showed dose response curve of lidocaine. Lidocaine EC₅₀ was almost 100 µM.

Dose response curve of DEX. This graph showed dose response curve of DEX. DEX EC₅₀ was almost 10 µM.

% change of AP for DEX 10 µM + lidocaine 100 µM.

% change of DDP for DEX 10 µM + lidocaine 100 µM. When DEX 10 µM + Lidocaine 100 µM administered to the sciatic nerve, AP was significantly decreased from the control. When DEX 10 µM + Lidocaine 100 µM was rinsed by saline, AP recovered to the control value. When AP decreased, DDP also decreased significantly.

Mean values ± SD were shown for n = 9.

Chronological changes in success rate of pulp anesthesia. Success rate of pulp anesthesia was determined by assessing the responses to electrical pulp stimulation at each post-injection time.

Time course in this study. Dex (0.4 µg/kg/hr) was started at approximately 30 minutes before the end of the operation and continued until 120 minutes (2 hours) after the end of the operation. SBP, DBP, HR, f, Spo₂, RS and RAS were monitored at hospitalization (cont) and every 30 minutes after the end of the operation until 90 minutes (A90) and at 180 minutes (A180) after the end of Dex infusion.

Change in SBP, DBP and HR. There were no significant differences in SBP, DBP and HR.

Change in f and Spo₂. f did not show significant changes, however, Spo₂ showed a significant decrease at 30 minutes after the end of Dex administration.

Change in RS and RAS. RS and RAS showed significant changes from 30 minutes after the end of the operation to 30 minutes after the end of Dex infusion.

Guardians responses to a questionnaire of postoperative sedation with Dexmedetomidine.

Differences between each value for (a) rectal, (b) finger-tip skin temperature and (c) finger-tip skin blood flow at the measurement point and the control value. The values are expressed as means ± SEMs. The values of stroke index are as follows: (1)before induction, (2)30 min after induction, (3)45 min, (4)60 min, (5)75 min, (6)90 min, (7)105 min, (8)120 min, (9)the end of operation, (10)immediately after extubation.

Facial appearance of this patient shows slight degree of micrognathia and mandibular retraction, blepharodiastasis, short neck and hypoplastic nose wings.

Anesthesia record. (1) A-line, CV, (2) Infiltration anesthesia: 1% lidocaine (1/100,000 E) 20 ml, (3) Flurbiprofen 50 mg iv, (4) Epidural catheter, Th3/4, depth: 7.5 cm, length: 3.5 cm ↑, (5) Epidural continuous infusion: 4 ml/h (300 ml = 0.2% ropivacaine 280 ml+Fentanyl 1,000 µg), (6) Nicardipine 1 mg iv, (7) Epidural: 0.2% ropivacaine 6 ml, (8) Flurbiprofen 50 mg iv.

New balloon tip nasotracheal tube introducer. A: rectangularly cut tube tip (non-bevel). B: balloon introducer.