Time response curve of DEX (n  =  5).

The maximal effect of DEX on AP amplitude was achieved after 5 min. The AP amplitude did not significantly change after 5 min. The AP amplitude recovered to control value when DEX was rinsed by modified Liley solution.

Dose response curve of lidocaine (n  =  8).

This graph showed a dose dependent decrease in AP amplitude. Lidocaine EC₅₀ was 95.63 ± 11.16 μM.

Dose response curve of DEX (n  =  8).

This graph showed a dose dependent decrease in AP amplitude. DEX EC₅₀ was 12.19 ± 1.07 μM.

Dose response curve of lidocaine with DEX (n  =  9).

This graph showed a dose dependent decrease in AP amplitude. EC₅₀ of lidocaine with DEX was 9.56 ± 1.11 μg/ml (Lidocaine 8.69 μg/ml + DEX 0.87 μg/ml).

Isobologram analysis of EC₅₀ for lidocaine, DEX, and lidocaine with DEX.

Line connecting lidocaine EC₅₀ and DEX EC₅₀ was an additive line. Point for EC₅₀ of lidocaine with DEX was located below the additive line. The point for EC₅₀ of lidocaine with DEX indicated synergy.

Visual guide (picture cards).

We selected picture cards as a visual guide. The pictures show the place, tools such as monitors and face mask, and processes that the patient will experience during induction of anesthesia. Each card contains a written description of two or three words.

Two factors that cause patients with autism spectrum disorder to panic and the corresponding actions for anesthesia management.

The predicted brain concentration (eye closed).

Mean: 1.81 ± 0.63 μg/ml.

Median: 1.7 μg/ml.

The predicted brain concentration (loss of eyelash reflex).

Median: 2.0 μg/ml.

The predicted brain concentration (smooth insertion of a bite block).

Median: 2.5 μg/ml.

Comparison of predicted brain concentration; eye closed, loss of eyelash reflex, and smooth insertion of a bite block.

•: closed eyes.

▴: loss of eyelash reflex.

×: smooth insertion of a bite block.

Comparison between each predicted brain concentrations.

Friedman test: p < 0.05.

Multiple comparison: Scheffé.