Editorial Type:
Article Category: Other
 | 
Online Publication Date: Jan 01, 2012

Local Anesthesia Part 2: Technical Considerations

DMD,
DDS, and
DDS
Page Range: 127 – 137
DOI: 10.2344/0003-3006-59.3.127
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An earlier paper by Becker and Reed provided an in-depth review of the pharmacology of local anesthetics. This continuing education article will discuss the importance to the safe and effective delivery of these drugs, including needle gauge, traditional and alternative injection techniques, and methods to make injections more comfortable to patients.

Keywords: Local anesthetics; Dentistry; Techniques; Needle gauge; Warming; Buffering; Novel devices
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<bold>Figure 1.</bold>
Figure 1.

Posterior superior alveolar (PSA) nerve block.

<bold>Figure 2.</bold>
Figure 2.

Middle superior alveolar (MSA) nerve block.

<bold>Figure 3.</bold>
Figure 3.

Anterior superior alveolar (ASA) nerve block.

<bold>Figure 4.</bold>
Figure 4.

Greater palatine (GP) nerve block.

<bold>Figure 5.</bold>
Figure 5.

Nasopalatine (NP) nerve block.

<bold>Figure 6.</bold>
Figure 6.

Inferior alveolar (IA) nerve block.

<bold>Figure 7.</bold>
Figure 7.

The “poke me” line.

<bold>Figure 8.</bold>
Figure 8.

Second division (V2) nerve block.

<bold>Figure 9.</bold>
Figure 9.

Gow-Gates (GG) nerve block.

<bold>Figure 10.</bold>
Figure 10.

Vazirani-Akinosi nerve block.

<bold>Figure 11.</bold>
Figure 11.

Intraosseous (X-Tip) anesthesia.

Contributor Notes

Address correspondence to Kenneth L. Reed, PO Box 85883, Tucson, AZ 85754-5883; kr@klrdmd.com.
Received: Apr 01, 2012
Accepted: May 28, 2012