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Age distribution of patients.

Intravenous sedation is used over a broad age range. The number of patients over 80 years old, children less than 19 years old and adults between 20 and 39 years old tended to increase.

Hemoglobin Desaturation Following Apnea. All patients were preoxygenated prior to apnea following neuromuscular blockade. Normal adults remain well oxygenated for 8–9 minutes despite absence of ventilation. Obese patients and children have reduced functional residual capacity, so despite preoxygenation, commence significant desaturation within 3–4 minutes. In all cases, desaturation would have occurred far more rapidly had the functional residual capacity not been concentrated with oxygen by preoxygenation (adapted from Benumof JL ⁷ ).

Cardiovascular influences of epinephrine. The graph is adapted from Hersh et al. ¹⁸ Average of cardiovascular changes were recorded following injection of 7 cartridges (11.9 mL) of articaine containing either 1 : 100,000 or 1 : 200,000 concentrations of epinephrine (∼120 and 60 μg respectively). Although actual changes were mild, consider that all volunteers were healthy young adults taking no medications. Even so, 2 volunteers experienced palpitations. Also note confirmation of the dose-dependent responses for 60 versus 120 μg.