The task paradigm used.

The task paradigm is represented in the insets with the periods of rest and visual stimulation indicated. Each subject performed three cycles of 30 sec of rest and 30 sec of visual subject load.The task paradigm was performed in control, infusion, recovery-10 and recovery-30 periods.

Significant signal increases associated with visual stimulation.

a: Visual stimulation was associated with significant increases in the BOLD signal in various regions of the brain in the control period. An increase was seen bilaterally in the primary visual cortex in the control period. b: Visual stimulation resulted in a bilateral increase in BOLD signals in the visual cortex in the sedation period. c: Visual stimulation resulted in a bilateral increase in BOLD signals in the visual cortex in the recovery-10 period. d: Visual stimulation resulted in a bilateral increase in BOLD signals in the visual cortex in the recovery-30 period.

Activated areas superimposed on a template. The images consist of a statistical map of maximum intensity projection. p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons.

Significant signal increases associated with visual stimulation in all periods.

a: Visual stimulation was associated with significant increases in the BOLD signal in various regions of the brain. An increase was seen in the primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17) (b) and in the secondary visual cortex (Brodmann area 18) (c).

Activated areas superimposed on a template. p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons. Color scale: t value, T value indicates the precise degree of activation.

The images consist of a color-rendered statistical map of activation, with color indicating the T scores for voxel activation, from red (lowest T) to yellow (highest T), as a low T relates to low activation or vice versa. BA (x, y, z): Brodmann area (Talairach Coordinates).

Changes in signal intensity obtained in Brodmann area 17 in all periods.

In the sedation period, changes in signal intensity in Brodmann area 17 fell significantly and there was a significant difference between the control period and sedation period.

Each column represents the mean ± SE. ^*p < 0.05 compared with the control period.

Changes in signal intensity obtained in Brodmann area 18 in all periods.

In the sedation period, changes in signal intensity in Brodmann area 18 fell significantly and there was a significant difference between the control period and sedation period.

Each column represents the mean ± SE. ^*p < 0.05 compared with the control period.

Preoperative 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) findings.

The ECGs showed sinus rhythm with a pulse rate of 65 beats/min and QRS time of 0.11 second. The J waves of the V₁–V₃ leads rose 2 mm. The ST elevation in the V₁–V₃ leads indicated saddleback type.

Electrocardiographic monitoring during dentaltherapy.

The monitored ECG showed wide S waves with QRS time of 0.11 second. A bundle branch block was suspected.

Number of cases by year and gender.

We retrospectively analyzed a total of 1,309 cases in Kyushu Dental College from 2005 to 2009. The intravenous sedation cases showed an overall uptrend. There were more female cases than male cases in each of the years.

Age distribution of patients.

Intravenous sedation is used over a broad age range. The number of patients over 80 years old, children less than 19 years old and adults between 20 and 39 years old tended to increase.

Age distribution of patients by place where intravenous sedation was performed.

Patients over sixty years old comprised about half of the patients in the operating room. On the other hand, in Dentistry for the Handicapped, patients between 20 and 39 years old comprised 51.5% of the patients.

Dental Anesthesia : outpatient clinic of the Department of Dental Anesthesiology.

Dentistry for the Handicapped : outpatient clinic of the Department of Dentistry for the Handicapped.

Preanesthetic risk by ASA physical status.

Patients with risk factors have become more common over the years and recently accounted for half of patients receiving intravenous sedation.

Ratio of cases by operating time.

The duration of surgery was most commonly 30 min or less, and almost all patients underwent surgery within 120 min. The mean duration of surgery was longest in the operating room, at 54.3 min.

Drugs for intravenous sedation.

In most cases, intravenous sedation was maintained with propofol. The percentage of intravenous sedation cases using the combination of midazolam and propofol has increased every year. MZ: midazolam, PF: propofol.